Fes is widely regarded as the cultural and spiritual capital of Morocco, boasting a history that spans over a millennium. Founded in the late 8th century by Idris I and expanded by his son Idris II, the city grew to become a major center of learning and trade. It is home to the University of al-Qarawiyyin, founded in 859 AD, which is recognized by UNESCO and Guinness World Records as the oldest existing, continually operating educational institution in the world. The city's layout is a testament to its medieval origins, with Fes el-Bali serving as a well-preserved example of a traditional Islamic city. The medina is divided into two main quarters, each historically associated with immigrants from Kairouan, Tunisia, and Fez, Spain. Key attractions include the Bou Inania Madrasa, a stunning 14th-century theological college known for its intricate cedar wood and stucco work. The Chouara Tannery is another major highlight, where visitors can observe the traditional leather-tanning process using natural dyes and pigeon droppings from a balcony to avoid the strong odors. The Royal Palace, Dar al-Makhzen, is a massive structure that offers glimpses of traditional Moroccan architecture, although access to the interior is limited. The city also features numerous mosques, including the Great Mosque of al-Qarawiyyin, which is open to non-Muslims in a designated area. Activities in Fes include guided walking tours through the medina to navigate its complex alleyways, visiting local cooperatives to see traditional crafts like pottery and weaving, and enjoying a traditional Moroccan meal in a riad. The city is well-connected by rail and air, with Fes-Saïss Airport serving domestic and international flights. The best time to visit is during the spring (March to May) or autumn (September to November) when the weather is mild and pleasant for exploring the outdoor markets and historical sites. Summer can be extremely hot, while winter may bring cold temperatures and rain. Accommodation ranges from luxury riads in the medina to modern hotels in the Ville Nouvelle, offering a variety of experiences for travelers.